Sino-African win-win Policy under the One Belt One Road

Writing audit: Sino-African win-win Policy added to the One Repertoire One Road activity: Who contributes more successes more? Unique: Reason †The principle goal of this survey is to evaluate completely the Sino-African relations across time and now the recently presented â€Å"One Belt One Road† (OBOR) activity particularly the commitment to scholarly writing. The attention is on the significant occasions that denoted the account of Africa since China built up an enthusiasm until the new OBOR activity and the end features the significance on the investigation by looking into the alternate points of view in past writing. Approach †We considered an incorporated and thorough writing dependent on a subjective methodology, we played out a substance examination of exceptionally applicable and effective papers. Discoveries †In this paper, we break down generally disputable issues and express our perspectives to finish up. Notwithstanding, the debates stay an interesting issue for additional exploration attempts to be dealt with various systems and new hypothetical methodology. Certain suspicions may consistently exist as far as a quantitative appraisal of the advantages from the China-Africa relations. Significant contrasts in stories exist among Western and Southern partners. Impediments and Implications †The ends from the work could be upheld by extra examination by thinking about a more extensive extent of the investigation. To give more explanations to the experimental discoveries, more works should have been finished utilizing quantitative information and subjective proof that stretch out past the standard financial and topographical cutoff points just as the socio-political cutoff points. Worth †This paper audits many years of examination on China in Africa and presents a depiction of the ongoing OBOR activity. It further causes to notice the need for ensuing writing to investigate new strategies for examination for better comprehension of the China-Africa relations and the job each part plays to the maintainability of this collaboration. Watchwords: Africa, China, relationship, One Belt One Road.

Comprehensive Sex Education

Far reaching Sex Education Discourse 1. Introduction a. Today, 13,000 young people lives will change. 10,000 of them will be tainted with a STD, 2,400 will get pregnant, and 55 will contract HIV. Those are some entirely terrifying insights. But the legislature is as yet going through $100 million every year on restraint just sex ed programs as opposed to encouraging children about the passionate parts of sex and how to do it securely in the event that they decide to do as such. Simply state no didn't work for medications, and it won't work for sex either.2. Body a. A few schools have begun giving free condoms out to understudies to make it more probable that youngsters will utilize them. Purchasing condoms from a store could be a conceivably humiliating circumstance, particularly if the understudy would need to show ID or if the condoms were kept in a glass case in the store. Both of these circumstances could demoralize understudies from getting them, and they would have no other method to acquire one if their school didn't hand them out, so they likely wouldn't utilize one at all.Condom coutureHaving condoms at school disposes of this problem.b. Likewise, if kids are purchasing condoms with cash out of their own pocket, they would presumably get the most affordable brand, which are likely efficiently made and would break without any problem. The condoms that the school would give out would be free and of a higher quality.c. A few people thoroughly consider giving condoms will advise teenagers it's alright to be explicitly dynamic and give them a reason to have intercourse. That is a strange contention. The medical caretaker gives bandages, and children aren't simply going to go cut themselves.d. Be that as it may, to get a condom at most schools that hand them out, you need a parent to sign an authorization slip, and numerous guardians reject...

Respond to a Letter of Complaint

To: [emailâ protected] co. uk From: [emailâ protected] dk Subject: I feel sorry to learn that your family excursion to Tivoli ended up being a baffling one. The facts demonstrate that lone 11 of the 24 different amusement rides were running on that day sadly because of the specialized disappointments of the machines. By further checking the diversion rides we found that we were unable to hazard utilizing the machine that day and needed to change a few sections for the machine to run again.We couldnot illuminate at the passageway as the professionals were all the while dealing with the machines(you may most likely have seen individuals attempting to fix the machines) and there was an expectation that we could run the machine that day. In any case, on late evening, we discovered that the machine couldn't be fixed that day so we educated at the entryway. we are hearing a tad of issues at a portion of the nourishment outlets. What's more, we came to think about your story from one of t he associate of that outlet. I again apologize for the burden that you needed to endure because of some specialized issues and the awful client service.After perusing your letter and knowing the conditions I had discussion with supervisors of Tivoli and we chose to give your family free passes to enter and play all the amusement games with a free supper in any of the cafés for your family when Tivoli opens again the following summer. I have encased the free goes to enter and play the diversion ride alongside the FREE DINNER FOR YOUR FAMILY IN ANY OF THE OUTLETS. We plan to fulfill our clients with quality in diversion, nourishment and administration. I am looking forward observing you again the following summer in Tivoli and getting a charge out of with your family.

Auditors Report - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2941 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Auditors report Contents Introduction: Responsibilities of audit committee: Audit report: Internal Vs External audit: Relationship: Reporting: Scope of performance: Objective: Audit committee: parts of an audit report: Report title: Introductory paragraph: Scope paragraph: Executive Summary: Opinion paragraph: Auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name: Auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s signature: Audit process: Types of audit reports: Unqualified opinion: Qualified opinion: Adverse opinion: Disclaimer of opinion: Importance of audit report: Purpose of external audit: Function: Time frame: Significance: Types: Misconceptions: Role of auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s report in corporate governance: Conclusion: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Auditors Report" essay for you Create order Introduction: Auditing is the process through which the chartered accountants, income tax lawyers, accounts all together helps in accessing the business transactions of the company and filing reports as per the government norms and conditions of that particular country. Auditing is done on a yearly basis. It includes all the requirements related to the economic health and finance of the company that has to be required to be presented before the government agencies for legal and taxing purposes. The effectiveness of auditing can be seen by observing the effectiveness of the audit committee itself which does the external and internal audit of the company. Thus its composition and independence of the members of auditing confirms the free and fair auditing followed in the company. the presence and absence of the audit committee helps in figuring out the quality of the financial reporting that a company adopts. Thus presence of audit committee confirms an attempt of the company to develop a fair repo rting system, while on the other hand, the absence of audit committee clearly signifies the not so good intensions of the company. With the present laws in force the audit committee formation is compulsory in case of company crossing a certain amount of turnover, thus it becomes easier to keep a close eye on the working of the companies which earlier did not had any audit committee. Thus the audit committee members are now more answerable to the government than their corporate owners. Responsibilities of audit committee: The important duty of the audit committee members is to interact with the external auditors during auditing.Audit scope negotiation process is also done by the audit committee.When the auditors assign lower control risk to clients with high corporate governance quality, the auditors may expend less audit effort.Expertise,independence and experience are lacked by many audit committee members.Audit committee acts an effective vehicle in pursuing the interest of shareholders.Less pressure is exerted on the high quality audit members to increase the audit effort.The responsibilities of an auditing committee are: Checking the choice of accounting policies and principles. To hire an external auditor To oversee the audit process To monitor the internal control process. In many countries audit committee was introduced to alleviate the weakness of corporate governance.High profile corporate failures which involves fraud,poor accounting and internal control failure made the organizations to realize the importance of auditing committee.AC plays an important role on the quality of financial reporting.The earnings quality of a company is improved by the audit committee.Meetings,independence and background of the members are also affect the quality of the financial report.The absence of an audit committee affects the financial reportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quality.Audit Committee helps an organization to develop a fair reporting system.The formation of audit committee is made compulsory in many countries.Therefore companies which do not have AC is working on the audit committee formation.It is the responsibility of the audit committee members to answer than the government rather than the corporate owners. Audit report: A busineesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial status is officially evaluated with the combination of auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s opinion and data collected on the businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial transactions and situation is known as audit report.This is the common process used by companies to examine their own records and to release their financial information to investors and shareholders. (TylerLacoma, 2009) Internal Vs External audit: Auditing may occur either inside or outside the company.An accountant who works in the company perform internal auditing.Internal auditing is easier than external auditing because the auditors are familiar with company records and they have experience in generating such records.The investors and official agencies do not have trust in internal auditing.Some business may not have proper resources to perform internal auditing.Therefore external audit is practiced in some companies.For this purpose, companies hire a firm to perform audit for them. (TylerLacoma, 2009) Relationship: In order to assess the effectiveness of business operations internal auditors are appointed on behalf of management.Internal controls of the business is the main concern of internal auditors. An accountant who works in the company perform internal auditing.External auditors can be appointed by the shareholders of the company to perform external audit.These external auditors are independent of the company and management. (Anon., 2011) Reporting: For both internal as well as external audit a common code of conduct and ethics is applicable.However, they differ in terms of whom they report to.An internal auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s report is private and it is only for the directors and management of the business.An external auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s report is presented to the shareholders and public. (Anon., 2011) Scope of performance: External audit is performed beyond scope to avoid conflict of interests.The main aim of external audit is to check whether the financial report is free from any misstatement and whether they depict a true and fair view of the entity.Financial and non financial aspects of a firm is focused by internal audit.Fraud is detected by internal audit.Internal audit also provide advise on internal controls and performance appraisal on corporate governance.A businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk management strategies are evaluated by internal audit. (Anon., 2011) Objective: A opinion on the financial statement of an entity is expressed by external audit.Functions of external audit are determined by the statutes.The internal audità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s functions are determined by the board and management.The value to operations of an organization is added by internal audits.Operational audits and compliance procedures are the main focus of internal audits. (Anon., 2011) Audit committee: An Audit committee is meant to monitor the companys financial reporting process on fair grounds by making internal controls and risk management. Thus the committee is meant to bring forth the truth about the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial condition that its financial gains and losses, future investment and past requisitions. Thus the audit committee confirms all the facts and figures about the financial conditions of the company. This committee should consist of the non-executive directors of the board. The number of non executive directors should be at least three and in case of chairman included in the board than he should be an independent candidate. (Anon., 2011) parts of an audit report: Audit reports are used by the accountants to publish the data collcted by them during their fieldwork of a company. Seven elements are needed to complete the audit report.These seven elements are report title, introductory paragraph, scope paragraph, executive summary, opinion para graph, auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name and auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s signature. (Andrew, 2009) Report title: The audit date and the addressee of the report are included in the title of the report.The auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s last day of fieldwork is the date and the board members and stockholders are the addressee.The word independent is also mentioned in the title to set it apart from the internal audits. (Andrew, 2009) Introductory paragraph: This is a boilerplate text which states that audit has been carried out.Financial document used to perform the auditing are identified here and it also credits the responsibility of the management for the accuracy of the financial statements.The time frame covered by the audit is determined in this section. (Andrew, 2009) Scope paragraph: This paragraph emphasize that the rules and standards set by Generally Accepted Audit Standards were followed during audit.A reasonable assurance is provided to indicate the claims made by the financial statements are accurate.The test methods carried out by the auditors to test the accounting methods followed by the company is indicated in the scope paragraph. (Andrew, 2009) Executive Summary: The findings of the auditing is summarized here.The auditor determine the content of the summary.Executive summary does not provide much opinion but it clearly expresses the findings of the audit. (Andrew, 2009) Opinion paragraph: The financial situation of the company and the methods and procedures used to reach a conclusion are included in this paragraph.Auditors opinion on the financial stability of the company is included here.Conformity or non conformity of the auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s opinion based on the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles are included in this section. (Andrew, 2009) Auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name: At end of the audit report it is the responsibility of the auditor to print his name.The auditor must also included the name of the firm or the certified accountant he is working for. Auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s signature: The auditor is accountable for the audit results up to the date stated in the audit reportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s title.The signature of the auditor below his name is the acknowledgement for this accountability. (Andrew, 2009) Audit process: The following steps are included in the audit process. The audit objectives,timing and format of the report and distribution are discussed by scheduling a conference. The internal controls and operations are assessed for the soundness. To ensure proper operation the internal controls are tested. All preliminary observations are discussed with the management. Before the release of the audit report, a discussion on the draft is done with the management. The critical issues raised in the audit report are followed to check whether they have been successfully resolved. (CaliforniaUniversity, 2012) Types of audit reports: Four types of audit reports are: Unqualified opinion Qualified opinion Adverse opinion Disclaimer of opinion (TylerLacoma, 2009) Unqualified opinion: It is also known as clean opinion.In an unqualified opinion an auditor determines the financial statements provided by the firm does not have any misinterpretations.This also indicates that the financial record of the firm is maintained in accordance with the standards of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP).Unqualified opinion is considered as the best type of report. The word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“independentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is ddedin the title of the report to indicate that the audit is done by an unbiased third party.Main body is followed by the title.The main body includes the auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibilities,audit purpose and the findings of the audit. (TylerLacoma, 2009) Qualified opinion: Qualified opinion is given when the financial record of a firm is not maintained in accordance with GAAP but there is no misinterpretation in the financial statement.The writing of qualified opinion is extremely similar to that of unqualified opinion.An additional paragraph,providing the reasons why the audit report is not unqualified is included in the qualified opinion. (TylerLacoma, 2009) Adverse opinion: Adverse opinion is the worst type of opinion given for a business.Adverse opinion indicates that the financial record is not maintained in accordance with GAAP and also indicates there are misinterpretations in the financial statements.Adverse opinion is the indication of fraud.When adverse opinion is given it is the responsibility of the firm to correct its financial statement and have it re-audited, because the investors,lenders and other requesting parties will not accept adverse opinion. (TylerLacoma, 2009) Disclaimer of opinion: When the financial record of a firm is unavailable, an auditor cannot complete the accurate audit report,in this case the auditor issues disclaimer of opinion, stating that the financial status of the firm cannot be determined. (TylerLacoma, 2009) Importance of audit report: In order to gain support from the investors, board of directors and interested public, business and non-profit organization carry out audit as a part of their annual financial reporting.Auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s report acts as a certificate that an external auditor has audited the financial statement of the organization.The auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s opinion in the report is considered as the essence of the reports.For the well being of any organization auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s report is very important.The auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s report helps to find out the financial stability of a firm. (wisegeek, 2013) The finances of a firm is ensured by the auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s report,keeping in with the legal requirement, both the accounts payable and accounts receivable are conducted.External auditors are used to conduct the audit because they are unbiased.Auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s report is a useful tool for small companies.Auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s report helps the new fir ms to make sure there is proper accounting for all assets, cash flow and liabilities incurred during the calendar period under consideration. (wisegeek, 2013) Auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s report helps the organizations to enhance their current method of bookkeeping.The auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s report may suggest to for some basic changes in the accounting process which may eliminate duplication of efforts.Other suggestions may include appropriate expense classification,processing reports on employee expenses and similar matters.Many believe auditing is conducted when there is suspicion of wrong doing.Annual auditing is carried to check whether internal audit is done properly.Auditing also point out the area which can be improved.Auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s report plays a major role in the investorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision making process.Auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s report helps a firm to gain the trust of investors, shareholders and interested public.Auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s re port also give suggestions to the firm to improve certain areas. (wisegeek, 2013) Purpose of external audit: An external audit checks the effectiveness of internal controls,process,guidelines and policies and incompliance with government requirements,industry standards and company policies.The errors in the financial statement is prevented by the external audit. (MarquisCodjia, 2012) Function: A full assurance to the investors and financial market participants are provided by the external audit.External audit indicates the accounting records of the firm, are fair and they comply with GAAP,industry standards and regulatory requirements.Full assurance indicates the confidence of the investors and the audit results are accurate.Balance sheetmprofit/loss statement,owner;s capital statement and cash flow statement are included in a financial statement. (MarquisCodjia, 2012) Time frame: Throughout the year, an external audit process is carried out.When the company closes its accounting records and prepares financial statement, an external auditor start testing the financial statement of the company.An external auditor along with the internal auditor review areas with problem.In accordance with such review the external auditor carry out the auditing process.The external auditors discuss audit planning,resource allocation and testing schedules with the head of the department of areas under review. (MarquisCodjia, 2012) Significance: Audit report is useful for three groups.They are management,regulators and investors.Operating breakdowns and segments showing risks are learnt by the top management and audit committee.Business trends and corporate practices are detected by the investors.The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy standing is gauged by the investors with the help of the audit report. Companys economy standing and managements short term and long term initiatives are gauged by the investors with the help of audit report. (MarquisCodjia, 2012) Types: Auditing a financial statement is the primary audit requirement from a company.A financial statement audit is done to ensure the correctness of financial statement.Errors and breakdowns in internal control and procedures are detected by operational audit.How employees abide by regulations in performing tasks are evaluated by senior management with the help of compliance audit.The control around software and technology infrastructure are ensured by information systems audit. (MarquisCodjia, 2012) Misconceptions: Financial audit is performed by a certified public accountant.For performing other audits there s no need of certification for external auditors. (MarquisCodjia, 2012) Role of auditorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s report in corporate governance: Corporate governance consists of board of directors,audit committee and other supervisory committees.An auditor does not have any direct corporate governance responsibility. The auditors report provides a check on the information aspects of the governance system. The auditors report helps the corporate governance to increase the soundness of the operations and internal control. The reports also helps the audit committee to use an effective method in preparing the financial report of the firm. Audit report helps the management to identify the operation breakdowns and segments with high risks. Regulators can identify the business trends and corporate practices. Audit report helps the corporate governance in decision making process,accountability and monitoring. Audit report provides confidence.Uncertainty and risks are reduced by audit reports. The information required by the corporate governance for decision making is provided by audit report.Audit report focus on internal controls. The audit report assists the corporate governance in achieving the goal. (wisegeek, 2013) Conclusion: Auditing is the process of checking the financial report. For every firm it is necessary to conduct auditing. Auditing carried out by the external auditor is effective compared to that of internal auditor. Auditing is done to check the financial record of a firm.investors and shareholders always wants an unbiased external auditor to cheche k the financial statements.exernal auditing gains the trust of investors and shareholders. Financial stability of of an organization can be identified with the help of the audit report.audit report also helps to take investment decision.audit report also identifies the misinterpretation in the financial statements. Bibliography Andrew, 2009. ehow. [Online] Available at: https://www.ehow.com/info_8784373_7-parts-audit-report.html [Accessed 20 December 2014]. Anon., 2011. DianaWicks. [Online] Available at: https://www.ehow.com/info_8478956_difference-between-internal-external-auditing.html [Accessed 20 December 2014]. CaliforniaUniversity, 2012. Internal auditing. [Online] Available at: https://daf.csulb.edu/offices/univ_svcs/internalauditing/audits.html [Accessed 20 December 2014]. MarquisCodjia, 2012. ehow. [Online] Available at: https://www.ehow.com/about_6614835_purpose-external-audit.html [Accessed 20 December 2014]. TylerLacoma, 2009. ehow. [Online] Available at: https://daf.csulb.edu/offices/univ_svcs/internalauditing/audits.html [Accessed 20 December 2014]. wisegeek, 2013. wisegeek. [Online] Available at: https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-auditors-report.htm [Accessed 20 December 2014]. 1 | Page

Yemen Nation Profile - Geography, Climate, and History

The ancient nation of Yemen lies at the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula. Yemen has one of the oldest civilizations on Earth, with ties to the Semitic lands to its north and to the cultures of the Horn of Africa, just across the Red Sea. According to legend, the Biblical Queen of Sheba, consort of King Solomon, was Yemeni. Yemen has been colonized at various times by other Arabs, Ethiopians, Persians, Ottoman Turks, and most recently, the British. Through 1989, North and South Yemen were separate nations. Today, however, they are united into the Republic of Yemen — Arabias only democratic republic. Fast Facts: Yemen Official Name: Republic of YemenCapital: SanaaPopulation: 28,667,230  (2018)Official Language: ArabicCurrency: Yemeni rial (YER)Form of Government: In transitionClimate: Mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in eastTotal Area: 203,849 square miles (527,968 square kilometers)Highest Point: Jabal an Nabi Shuayb at 12,028 feet (3,666 meters)Lowest Point: Arabian Sea at 0 feet (0 meters) Yemeni Government Yemen is the only republic on the Arabian Peninsula; its neighbors are kingdoms or emirates. The Yemeni executive branch consists of a president, a prime minister, and a cabinet. The president is directly elected; he appoints the prime minister, with legislative approval. Yemen has a two-part legislature, with a 301-seat lower house, the House of Representatives, and a 111-seat upper house  called the Shura Council. Prior to 1990, North and South Yemen had separate legal codes. The highest court is the Supreme Court in Sanaa. The current President (since 1990) is Ali Abdullah Saleh. Ali Muhammad Mujawar is Prime Minister. Population of Yemen Yemen is home to 28.6 million people as of 2018. The overwhelming majority are ethnic Arabs, but 35% have some African blood as well. There are small minorities of Somalis, Ethiopians, Roma (Gypsies), Europeans, and South Asians. Yemen has the highest birthrate in Arabia, at about 4.45 children per woman. This is probably attributable to early marriages (the marriageable age for girls under Yemeni law is 9), and lack of education for women. The literacy rate among women is only 30%, while 70% of men can read and write. Infant mortality is almost 60 per 1,000 live births. Languages of Yemen Yemens national language is standard Arabic, but there are several different regional dialects in common use. Southern variants of Arabic spoken in Yemen include Mehri, with about 70,000 speakers; Soqotri, spoken by 43,000 island residents; and Bathari, which has only about 200 surviving speakers in Yemen. In addition to the Arabic languages, some Yemeni tribes still speak other ancient Semitic languages closely related to the Ethiopian Amharic and Tigrinya languages. These languages are a remnant of the Sabean Empire (9th century BCE to 1st century BCE) and the Axumite Empire (4th century BCE to 1st century CE). Religion in Yemen The Constitution of Yemen states that Islam is the official state religion of the country, but it also guarantees freedom of religion. The majority by far of Yemenis are Muslim, with some 42-45% Zaydi Shias, and about 52-55% Shafi Sunnis. A tiny minority, some 3,000 people, are Ismaili Muslims. Yemen is also home to an indigenous population of Jews, now numbering only about 500. In the mid-20th century, thousands of Yemenite Jews moved to the new state of Israel. A handful of Christians and Hindus also live in Yemen, although most are foreign ex-patriots or refugees. Geography of Yemen Yemen has an area of 527,970 square kilometers, or 203,796 square miles, at the tip of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders Saudi Arabia to the north, Oman to the east, the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Eastern, central and northern Yemen are desert areas, part of the Arabian Desert and Rub al Khali (Empty Quarter). Western Yemen is rugged and mountainous. The coast is fringed with sandy lowlands. Yemen also possesses a number of islands, many of which are actively volcanic. The highest point is the Jabal an Nabi Shuayb, at 3,760 m, or 12,336 feet. The lowest point is sea level. Climate of Yemen Despite its relatively small size, Yemen includes several different climate zones due to its coastal location and variety of elevations. Yearly average rainfall ranges from essentially none in the inland desert to 20-30 inches in the southern mountains. Temperatures also range widely. Winter lows in the mountains can approach freezing, while summer in the tropical western coastal areas can see temperatures as high as 129 ° F (54 °C). To make matters worse, the coast is also humid. Yemen has little arable land; only roughly 3% is suitable for crops. Less than 0.3% is under permanent crops. Yemens Economy Yemen is the poorest nation in Arabia. As of 2003, 45% of the population was living below the poverty line. In part, this poverty stems from gender inequality; 30% of teenage girls between 15 and 19 are married with children, and most are undereducated. Another key is unemployment, which stands at 35%. The per capita GDP is only about $600 (2006 World Bank estimate). Yemen imports food, livestock, and machinery. It exports crude oil, qat, coffee, and seafood. The current spike in oil prices may help alleviate Yemens economic distress. The currency is the Yemeni rial. The exchange rate is $1 US 199.3 rials (July 2008). History of Yemen Ancient Yemen was a prosperous place; the Romans called it Arabia Felix, Happy Arabia. Yemens wealth was based on its trade in frankincense, myrrh, and spices. Many sought to control this rich land over the years. The earliest known rulers were the descendants of Qahtan (Joktan from the Bible and Koran). The Qahtanis (23rd c. to 8th c. BCE) established the crucial trade routes and built dams to control flash-flooding. The late Qahtani period also witnessed the emergence of written Arabic, and the reign of the legendary Queen Bilqis, sometimes identified as the Queen of Sheba, in the 9th c. BCE. The height of ancient Yemeni power and wealth came between the 8th c. BCE and 275 CE, when a number of small kingdoms coexisted within the countrys modern borders. These included the following: the western Kingdom of Saba, the southeastern Hadramaut Kingdom, the city-state of Awsan,  the central trading hub of Qataban, the southwestern Kingdom of Himyar, and the northwestern Kingdom of Main. All of these kingdoms grew prosperous selling spices and incense all around the Mediterranean, to Abyssinia, and as far away as India. They also regularly launched wars against one another. This squabbling left Yemen vulnerable to manipulation and occupation by a foreign power: Ethiopias Aksumite Empire. Christian Aksum ruled Yemen from 520 to 570 A.D. Aksum was then pushed out by the Sassanids from Persia. Sassanid rule of Yemen lasted from 570 to 630 CE. In 628, the Persian satrap of Yemen, Badhan, converted to Islam. The Prophet Muhammad was still living when Yemen converted and became an Islamic province. Yemen followed the Four Rightly-guided Caliphs, the Umayyads, and the Abbasids. In the 9th century, many Yemenis accepted the teachings of Zayd ibn Ali, who founded a splinter Shia group. Others became Sunni, particularly in south and west Yemen. Yemen became known in the 14th century for a new crop, coffee. Yemeni Coffee arabica was exported all over the Mediterranean world. The Ottoman Turks ruled Yemen from 1538 to 1635  and returned to North Yemen between 1872 and 1918. Meanwhile, Britain ruled South Yemen as a protectorate from 1832 on. In the modern era, North Yemen was ruled by local kings until 1962, when a coup established the Yemen Arab Republic. Britain finally pulled out of South Yemen after a bloody struggle in 1967, and the Marxist Peoples Republic of South Yemen was founded. In May of 1990, Yemen reunified after relatively little strife.

Maintaining A Constant And Balanced Internal Environment

Homeostasis is the body s attempt to maintain a constant and balanced internal environment, which requires persistent monitoring and adjustments as conditions change. Homeostatic regulation is monitored and adjusted by the receptor, the command center, and the effector. The receptor receives information based on the internal environment; the command center, receives and processes the information; and the effector responds to the command center, opposing or enhancing the stimulus.1 Living tissue is made up of cells. There are many different types of cells, but all have the same basic structure. Tissues are layers of similar cells that perform a specific function. The different kinds of tissues group together to form organs. There are four†¦show more content†¦The rupture of cartilage homeostasis whatever its cause: aging, genetic predisposition, trauma or metabolic disorder, induces profound phenotypic modifications of chondrocytes, which then promote the synthesis of a subset of factors that induce cartilage damage and target other joint tissues. Cartilage degeneration may occur in response to inappropriate mechanical stress and low-grade local or systemic inflammation associated with trauma, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and early changes in cartilage appear at the joint surface in areas where mechanical forces such as shear stress are greatest.3 The basic role of articular cartilage is to adequately transmit forces across arthrodial joints and maintain a relatively friction-free surface to support limb movement. Numerous studies have described changes in articular cartilage that are relatively consistent and inevitable consequences of aging. These include mild fibrillation (fraying) and softening of the articular surface, a decrease in the average size of the proteoglycan monomers along with a decrease in the aggregation capacity of these molecules, and overall loss of matrix tensile strength and stiffness. These types of changes may be related to the proposed age-related shift in the chondrocyte phenotype rendering the remaining resident cells less capable of maintaining cartilage homeostasis and setting the stage for overt degenerative cartilage disease.4 Osteoarthritis can be managed by †¢ ManagingShow MoreRelatedThe Concept of Homeostasis Particularly in Relation to Temperature Control1407 Words   |  6 Pagesbuilt into the system to regulate it. The controls are self-adjusting and do not require constant monitoring from an outside agent. Such controls maintain the system in equilibrium. 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Importance of Change Management Process

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Change Management Process. Answer: Introduction This report basically discusses the importance of change, and examination why resistance is a problem and how to manage the resistance. The report is also discussed about the relationship between the power and resistance. Along with this, the ethics of managerial and of resistance position is also discussed in this report so that resistance to change can be managed ethically by the organization. The main aim of this report is to focus on the importance of change management process with the topic resistance to change. This report describes the importance of the change process in the organization. Along with this, the report also focuses on the main cause of the resistance to change and to manage that. Many researchers have given their assumption that the resistance to change is very costly and time consuming process which can delay the process of change in the organization. Along with this, the assumption also has been given that the resistance to change can be used as learning point by the managers to develop (Lee Teo, 2005). The change in any organization refers to the movement from present to future to make or do something different from others. Organizational change includes planning to move from present stage to future stage. Change in the organization can be change in mission, operational changes, technological changes or change in the behavior or working styles of employees etc. Resistance in the change takes place when change is not understood by the people in the organization. There can be many reasons of change such as lack of clarity, dislike of change, change in speed and perceived negative effects by the people etc. actually, change is not a problem. Change in every organization is an important process. If an organization wants to grow in the market, it has to adopt some changes. The change could be in many strategies such as change in business operations, change in vision or mission, change in business strategy etc. but change is not a simple process. Employees move towards resistance to change. The reason of their resistance is that they fear from the unknown things such as how the change will impact on them, on their performance, relationship with others and other job related things. Sometimes, there can be psychological resistance; the members may have in the organization (Kreinen, Hollensbe Sheep, 2006). The reason of resistance of change can be as follows: Sometimes, the people move towards resistance to change so that they can avoid the uncertainty. The past things are well known to them. In such case they become afraid to adopt new things. Employees become very afraid when they exchange old and familiar strategies to new and uncertain strategies. They dont have the knowledge about new things. In such case, they move towards resistance (Hensmans, 2003). One of the main causes of resistance can be the disturbance in their daily routine. Every person follows a habitual routine and pattern in his life. It is very difficult to exchange the past routine with the new routine for the employees. So they move toward resistance to change. When the employees feel pressure because of the change in the organization. When employees find difficulties in fulfill their task and goals then they move towards resistance. A small amount of resistance is acceptable in the change but if the resistance goes beyond the lines, it becomes a problem for the organization (Thomas, Hardy, 2011). Resistance as a problem that must be managed One of the real problem in the change process resistance to change. Resistance to change must be managed by the organization with effective change management program (Mar, 2013). Basically, resistance takes place when the employees are not comfortable with the change or they are facing pressure and they are uncomfortable because of the change. So, it is necessary that organization understand the needs and their thoughts and implement the change according to them. Resistance to change is problematic for the organization because when it crosses the line, it puts a negative impact on the organization. Sometimes, resistance becomes an ongoing process which can have a negative effect on the other employees. So, there is a need to manage the resistance timely otherwise it can become a serious issue within the organization. Resistance can be the reason of lower of morality, decreased efficiency in business operation, and distracted work environment. Because of differences in the thoughts, there can be conflicts between the employees of the organizations (Rick, 2013). Organization need to formulate an effective strategy to tackle the issue of resistance to change. Managers need to communicate with the employees and listen their viewpoints so that they will be able to know that where the problems the employees are facing. It is very necessary to manage the resistance because it can become a serious problem in future and it can stop the business operat ions of the organization. Resistance may arise from a genuine understanding of the change or from misunderstanding, or even almost total ignorance about it. By the communication, facilitation, support, manipulation or co-operations, managers will be able to tackle the resistance in the organization. Change is an essential part of organizational growth. To survive in the competitive market, organization must adopt strategic changes which lead to success. By the strategic changes, organization will be able to face new challenges which are arising in the market. It becomes difficult to change something with many people by the organization. Because of resistance to change, the process of change can be delayed for short time or long time. So, it is very important for the organizations to learn how to manage the resistance to change. Power can be a key element in managing the resistance to change (McKay, Marshall, Grainger, Hirschheim, 2012). Power refers to the process which affects the viewpoints, thoughts, opinion, and behavior of someone by respecting of their wish and desires. The power is expected to have the ability to manage the resistance to change in the organization. Organizations use power to collect the information by which it can minimize the impact of resistance to cha nge on the business practices. Power is used on the basis of skills, ability, knowledge and labor to implement change successfully in the organization (Leming and Spicer, 2006). Thus, there is the mutual dependency relationship between the power and resistance. Resistance can be a problem for the organization and managers need to tackle this issue with the ability and capability. Power has the ability to change the perception of someone. If it is used effectively by the managers, the negative impact of resistance can be minimizing at some level (Erkama, 2010). Ethical implications to understand resistance Change is an ongoing process in the business operations. Organizations are continuously adopting the change process to stay competitive in the market. To implement the change and to manage the resistance to change, the ethics and responsibilities are the most important part in the change management. There are some ethical codes which change managers have to fulfill while implementing the change process in the organization (Wooldridge, Schmid Floyd, 2008). They have to ensure that every employee is satisfied with the change occurring in the organization. Along with this, change managers have responsibility to maintain the ethical standards in the organization to take decisions. Managers have duty to motivate the employees who face ethical issues during change process (Probst, 2003). There are some ethical responsibilities of managers who are managing change in the organization: Managers have the higher and important position that makes them responsible for the ethical conducts within the organization. Managers have to observe the behavior and attitude of the employees to ensure that their behaviors are appropriate for the organization or not. Along with this, managers also have the responsibility to minimize the unethical behavior which impact on the business practices of the organization. Managers in the organizations are also responsible for implementing new changes with the ethical codes so that organizations can achieve its objectives. Along with these, managers also have the responsibility of professional ethics according to their role and position (Stemwedel, 2014). Managers have to adopt effective change management process to address the impact of resistance. Change management is an important part of the change process within an organization. The change management process is performed by the managers who ensure the success of the organization by the change process. Change management includes managing the resistance in the organization and focuses on the achieving the organizational goals and objectives. For implementing successful change management process, managers have to adopt some rational views while performing the change process (Hjorth Daniel 2005). Change management process is an essential activity to minimize the resistance to change within the organization. The change process requires proper decisions by the change managers. Along with this, change process is a difficult process also so; it requires sufficient resources for performing change process by the managers. In the rational view of the change management, the manager should ha ve full information of decision problem, so that he will be able to do right decision to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization. If the change manager takes decision in a proper manner then it will lead to the success of the organization in the competitive market (Jabri, 2012). The steps which should be adopted in the change management process by the managers are as follows: Identifying and understanding the actual problem in the organization, Alternative understanding of the problem, Evaluation of the options, Choosing best possible option, Implementing the solution, and Observe the success of the change implementation (Karreman Alvesson, 2009). By adopting these processes, change manager will be able to implement the successful change management plan within the organization to manage the resistance and to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization (Roberts, 2005). Conclusion of the report From above discussion, it has been analyzed that the resistance is usual and general apect which is associated with the change management process in the organization. The survival of an organization depends upon the growth and satisfaction level of the employees. It has been observed that resistance can be considered as a problem which should be managed effectively. It can be the cause of conflicts between the managers and decrease the efficiency of the business operations. To overcome from the impact of the resistance, organizations are trying to find out the new and effective ways so that change process can be effective implemented. Change is an ongoing process in the business operations. To implement the change and to manage the resistance to change, the ethics and responsibilities are the most important part in the change management. They will lead to success. Along with this, it has been observed that managers have duty to motivate the employees who face ethical issues during ch ange process. In the change process, Change management includes managing the resistance in the organization and focuses on the achieving the organizational goals and objectives. Change management process is an essential activity to minimize the resistance to change within the organization. The change process requires proper decisions by the change managers. It includes understanding the actual problem in the organization and implementing the solution for successful change management process. From the above discussion, it has been analyzed that change in the organization is an important process to survive in the competitive environment. To lead a successful change, organization needs to understand that resistance to change is a problem for the organization and it is necessary to minimize the impact of the resistance on the business process. Managers need to adopt some business ethics in the change management process to ensure that the employees are satisfied with the change process o r not. The reason is that the employees are the key elements of the growth of the business of any organization. Thus, resistance should be managed properly by the organizations. Reference Erkama, N. (2010). Power and resistance in a multinational organization: Scandinavian Journal of Management. 26. pp 151-165. Hensmans, M., (2003) Social Movement Organizations: A metaphor for strategic actors in institutional fields: Organization Studies, 24(3): 355-381. Hjorth, Daniel (2005). Organizational Entrepreneurship: with de Certeau on Creating Heterotopias (or spaces for play): Journal of Management Inquiry. 14(4). 386- 398. Jabri, (2012). Understanding and managing organizational resistance. pp. 219-236. Karreman, D., Alvesson, M. (2009). Resisting resistance: Counter resistance, consent and compliance in a consultancy firm: Human Relations, 62(8), 11151144. Kreinen, G. E., Hollensbe, E. C., Sheep, M. L. (2006). On the edge of identity: Boundary dynamics at the interface of individual and organizational identities. Human Relations, 59(10), 13151341. Lee, G., Teo, A., (2005). Organizational restructuring: Impact on trust and work satisfaction: Asia Pacific Journal of Management. (22). 2339. Leming and Spicer (2006). The faces of power in organisations. In Contesting the corporation: Struggle, power and resistance in organizations. Cambridge University Press. Chapter 1 Mar, A., (2013). Why Resistance to Change is a Big Problem. Retrieved on 6th October 2016 from https://management.simplicable.com/management/new/why-resistance-to-change-is-a-big-problem McKay, J., Marshall, P., Grainger, N., Hirschheim, R., (2012). Change Implementers Resistance: Considering Power and Resistance in IT Implementation Projects: Change Implementers Resistance. Retrieved on 6th October 2016 from https://dro.deakin.edu.au/eserv/DU:30049124/mckay-changeimplementers-2012.pdf Probst, T. M. (2003). Exploring employee outcomes of organizational restructuring: A Solomon four-group study. Group Organization Management. 28(3). 416439. Rick, T., (2013). CHANGE IS NOT THE PROBLEM RESISTANCE TO CHANGE IS THE PROBLEM. . Retrieved on 6th October 2016 from https://www.torbenrick.eu/blog/change-management/change-is-not-the-problem-resistance-to-change-is-the-problem/ Roberts, L. M. (2005). Changing faces: Professional image construction in diverse organizational settings: Academy of Management Review. 30. 695711. Stemwedel, J. D., (2014). Resistance to ethics is different from resistance to other required courses. Retrieved on 6th October 2016 from https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/doing-good-science/resistance-to-ethics-is-different-from-resistance-to-other-required-courses/ Thomas, R. Hardy, C. (2011) Reframing resistance to organisational change. Scandinavian Journal of Management. 27 pp. 322-331 Wooldridge, B., Schmid, T., Floyd, S. W. (2008). The middle management perspective: Contributions, synthesis and future research: Journal of Management. 34. 11901221.

Blink the Power of Thinking Without Thinking Essay Example

Blink the Power of Thinking Without Thinking Essay Victor Horn Professor Pickford English 101 5 November 2009 Free Will Really Free? In Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking, Malcolm Gladwell demonstrates the intriguing effects of priming by citing and analyzing its effects on individuals in priming experiments. One of those experiments involved two groups of undergraduate students. One group was primed with a set of words that described a disrespectful person, and the other group was primed with a set of polite or respectful words. Then, the students were asked to walk down the hallway to get their next assignment, but on the way to the next building, two persons were purposely having a conversation to block the way. The goal of the experiment was to see if the people primed with a set of words would act differently than the other group as they would encounter the obstacle of the experiment, and there surely was a change in the comportment of the two groups. The people primed to be rude eventually interrupted the conversation after a few minutes, but the majority of the people primed to be polite never interrupted. We will write a custom essay sample on Blink the Power of Thinking Without Thinking specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Blink the Power of Thinking Without Thinking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Blink the Power of Thinking Without Thinking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer From such experiments, Gladwell concludes that what we think of as free will is largely an illusion, and we are more susceptible to outside influences than we realize (58). I believe Gladwell’s statement is partially right. I agree that we are more susceptible to outside influence than we realize, but I don’t think of free will as an illusion. If free will was only an illusion, it would mean that the decisions we make daily are dictated by our environment, and we would have little or no control over our decisions. However, individuals do have a say in their decisions making, and their decisions are based upon past experiences which are stored in the unconscious. I’m starting to think that I’ve been primed to do well at school and I’m not who I am, because this is just who I am. By that, I mean that the person I came to be has been influenced by many influential factors that have shaped my life and my personality. When I was a child, I used to think that the reason why I was doing so well at school was because I was simply talented from birth. But as I grew up and learned more about the adaptive unconscious, I came to realize that my parents and the way they raised me, as much of the environment I was in, played a major role in shaping my academic success. During my childhood, my parents have always complimented me in a way that was almost annoying. They used to tell me things such as â€Å"you’re the best†, or â€Å"you’re very intelligent†, and other similar phrases. They did so because I’m their son and loved me unconditionally, but I believe there was an expected effect in their ways. That was part in my educational process, and I strongly believe it helped me build a strong personality and a high level of self-confidence as I’ve always ended at the top of my class throughout my educational years. That is the reason why, nowadays, people put a huge emphasis on the way people raise their children. Of course, some people will probably agree with this assertion that free will is an illusion, and while I wrote the previous paragraph, I came to realize that most children do not possess free will. Actually, I cannot be sure about anybody else, but personally, I don’t recall in my childhood memories acting upon free will. As newborns are brought up into this world, they don’t know anything, so how can they possible freely choose to be whoever they want to be? The reality is that they don’t, and based on where they live, their social class, what type of education they’re going to get, the way their parents are going to raise them, and so on, they’re going to develop certain characteristics that’s going to define their personality. However, it is also important to note that genes also play a role in personality, as I learned it from a psychology I’m currently taking. Conclusively, I could say that free will at an early merely exists, but I believe individuals acquire free will as they grow and mature through life as I will elaborate in the following paragraph. Free will refers to one’s ability to choose his or her actions without being caused to do so by external forces. I don’ t think this is possible to do at such an early age, because infants are so dependent of their parents and of what surrounds them to act on their own. However, later on in life, maybe during the teenage years or after, people do develop a sense of free will. Per example, when teenagers decide to pursue a higher education and go to college, they’re going to have to choose a major. Even though their choice is going to be based on what their skills are and their past experiences, the choices are going to be there, and they’re going to have to make that free decision. Therefore, it is agreeable to say that free will exists at some degree, but there are always going to be some external forces that are going to influence a decision made. Likewise, choosing a football team to support is suppose to be a free decision, but is it really 100% free will? I like to believe that I have decided to become a true Chargers fan, but the truth is that, since I moved to San Diego from France, I’ve probably been unconsciously primed to be a Chargers fan. I never to chose to like the Chargers, it just happen to be that way. The priming occurred when I moved to San Diego. In France, soccer is the national sport, so I didn’t know much about American football when I got here. The first time I first saw the Chargers play, was during the 2004 season, and I believe I was at my cousin’s house watching the game with my whole family. There, everyone was wearing some type of Chargers gears and were cheering happily for them. Since that day, I’ve become a true hardcore Chargers fan. Was that decision based on pure free will? I’d like to believe so, but the truth is that, if I had to move to Pittsburgh instead of San Diego, I probably would have been a Steelers fan. However from my present state of mind’s point of view, I don’t think I’d have been a Raiders fan if I had to move to Oakland, but who really knows? Therefore, a little bit of free will take part in deciding which football team a fan is going to cheer for, but most of that decision will be based on outside influences. In conclusion, free will does exists, but not in its actual definition. In every decision making, there are going to be some outside influences that’s going push a decision in a certain way, whether it comes from past experiences or an actual person telling a subject what to do. Free will occurs when an individual is able to perceive those influences and not act upon it. However people need to use their knowledge that’s built up in their unconscious to make the best decision for themselves, and therefore they’ll be able to become whoever they want to be and achieve a sense of self-satisfaction. Works Cited Gladwell, Malcolm. Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking. 1st edition. New York. Little, Brown and Company. Time Warner Group. 2005. Print.

Free Essays on Deforestation

Environmental issues effect every life on this planet from the smallest parasite to the human race. The reason for this is simple. A single disruption in the Earth’s delicate balance can mean certain destruction of the very place that cradles the lives of many species. What is not so simple is finding alternatives to the now dangerous and confronting acts of planet degradation that have been afflicted on the planet over recent years. One such issue that requires consideration is deforestation. Trees have been or are being cut down at increasingly high rates. If this is not stopped many unfavorable side effects could result. Why Trees Matter To understand why deforestation is such a pressing and urgent issue, forests must first be given credit for what they bring to global ecosystems and the quality of life that all species maintain. Tropical Rainforests presently give a place to call home for 50% - 90% of all organisms, 90% of our relatives, the primates, and 50 million creatures that can live no place but the rich rainforests (World Rainforest Movement 16). Not only are other species at risk, but the human race also benefits from what the trees give. From something as minor as the spices that indulge food to life giving medicines, the rainforests amplify and save lives. According to the World Rainforest Movement, 25% of medicines come from the forests (28). This is a number that does not do justice to all the cures that have yet to be discovered or that have been destroyed. The forests give life, not only to other species, but they help to prolong the human race. The forests have global implications not just on life but on the quality of it. Trees improve the quality of the air that species breath by trapping carbon and other particles produced by pollution. Trees determine rainfall and replenish the atmosphere. As more water gets put back in the atmosphere, clouds form and provide another way to block out the sun’s heat.... Free Essays on Deforestation Free Essays on Deforestation Environmental issues effect every life on this planet from the smallest parasite to the human race. The reason for this is simple. A single disruption in the Earth’s delicate balance can mean certain destruction of the very place that cradles the lives of many species. What is not so simple is finding alternatives to the now dangerous and confronting acts of planet degradation that have been afflicted on the planet over recent years. One such issue that requires consideration is deforestation. Trees have been or are being cut down at increasingly high rates. If this is not stopped many unfavorable side effects could result. Why Trees Matter To understand why deforestation is such a pressing and urgent issue, forests must first be given credit for what they bring to global ecosystems and the quality of life that all species maintain. Tropical Rainforests presently give a place to call home for 50% - 90% of all organisms, 90% of our relatives, the primates, and 50 million creatures that can live no place but the rich rainforests (World Rainforest Movement 16). Not only are other species at risk, but the human race also benefits from what the trees give. From something as minor as the spices that indulge food to life giving medicines, the rainforests amplify and save lives. According to the World Rainforest Movement, 25% of medicines come from the forests (28). This is a number that does not do justice to all the cures that have yet to be discovered or that have been destroyed. The forests give life, not only to other species, but they help to prolong the human race. The forests have global implications not just on life but on the quality of it. Trees improve the quality of the air that species breath by trapping carbon and other particles produced by pollution. Trees determine rainfall and replenish the atmosphere. As more water gets put back in the atmosphere, clouds form and provide another way to block out the sun’s heat....

Information System Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Information System Strategy - Essay Example Wal-Mart, today has more than 9,600 retail stores in over 30 countries, employing some 2 million employees with 1.3 million in the US alone and annual revenues of approximately $430.349 billion as of 2012. Wal-Mart is an unavoidable and irresistible retail force that, as of the present, has not met any immovable objects. Larger than Tesco, AG, Metro, and Carrefour combined, Wal-Mart is the world’s top retail store (Roberts & Berg, 2012: p26). It ranked first in the Fortune 500 list of the largest organizations by revenues. Its main competitors were Carrefour in Europe that has annual revenues of approximately $121.27 billion, Target Corporations with annual revenues of $68.44 billion, Costco Corporations that has annual revenues of approximately $88.92 billion, as well as variety and discount stores, which have annual revenues of approximately $6.24 billion (Roberts & Berg, 2012: p28). An organizational structure refers to the typically hierarchical framework through which organizations arrange their communication and authority lines, as well as allocate duties and rights, determining the extent and manner to which the roles, responsibilities, and power are coordinated, delegated, and controlled and how the information moves between the various management levels. The structure of an organization is dependent entirely on the strategy and objectives that the organization chooses. In centralized structures, the power of decision-making is concentrated within the management’s top layer and tight control they exercise over divisions and departments that are evident in Wal-Mart’s organizational structure. Since all paths of decision making at Wal-Mart begin from the CEO to the executive and on to the branches, Wal-Mart uses a centralized structure (Roberts & Berg, 2012: p34). The top of their structure is Mike Dune, the CEO, who oversees the executive comm ittee that includes the CFO, CIO, and Executive Vice Presidents. The Board of Directors puts in place the

Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances Research Paper

Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances - Research Paper Example The branches are also somehow linked to the nature of their general functions.LegislativeThe legislative branch is tasked with endorsing the laws of the state and fitting the funds necessary to control the State (Nelson & Donovan, 2012). The Legislative division is split into the Chamber of Representative and the Senate. For a bill to be declared a law, it has to go through the two chambers. The House of DelegatesThe house of representative consists of 435 elected members and they are divided among the 50 States. It also consists of six non-voting members, representing the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and four other areas of the US. It is led by the Speaker who is elected by the members (United States et al., 2013). Election of the members takes place after every two years, and the candidates should be twenty-five years of age (Nelson & Donovan, 2012). It has several powers that include the authority to initiate revenue bill. It also has the authority to indi ct federal officials. The SenateIt has 100 senators, and they are elected by people of each state that they represent. Unlike the representative, the senators must be thirty years old. The Senate is led by the Vice President of the State. It is tasked with confirming the president’s appointments that need consent. They also ratify treaties. However, the house of representative should also approve the Vice President’s appointment. The house should also approve agreements involving foreign trade.

Sex and Gender Essay Example for Free

Sex and Gender Essay When most of us think about differences between men and women (or boys and girls) we tend to think first about the biology involved. The physical shape of our bodies genitalia mostly, but also the relative breadth of hips and shoulders, the presence or absence of a uterus and the potential to sustain a pregnancy helps us sort humans into male and female. Simple as pie. Which is good because sorting people by sex is something that is very important to most people. Watch nearly anybody go up to someone holding an infant and the first thing that she or he will ask the parent if the child is a girl or a boy. But why should it matter to anyone what the sex of the baby is? Even if it is easy to tell masculine from feminine. Except, of course, that its not. Theres nothing at all simple about the differences that exist between men and women because the biological differences between the sexes are only the beginning of the overall difference. (And even the biology itself can be ambiguous at times: Intersex individuals and others whose DNA is different from the most common XX or XY can be ambiguous in terms of appearance. Much of what gives us our gender identity as opposed to what we might call our sexual classification derives not from biology (or at not from genetics) but from the social and cultural values that give shape to each persons life. Because of this latter fact, the sociologist (along with the anthropologist and the social psychologist) is ideally qualified to help us understand what distinguishes the male from the female and why there are more differences among men and women than between them. Doctors and physiologists are of far less use in determining gender than one might have suspected. One of the most longstanding, most intense (and ultimately most frustrating) questions within the social sciences is that of nature-versus-nurture or how much we come into the world with and how much that birthright is shaped by our experiences ex utero. This is frustrating because, of course, there is simply no way to determine what we begin with in terms of understanding our gender and having a sense of self: Infants are very poor reporters about their internal states. Moreover, phrasing the question as one of a binary choice between nature and nuture suggests that the two do not interact with each other rather than the reality, which is that they continuously affect, alter, or reinforce each other in an iterative fashion. The area of sex and gender is one in which this debate (of nature and nurture) is especially fierce. This is true currently not primarily because of any discussion or disagreement about the nature of sex differences but rather because of the debate over same-sex marriage. One of the arguments that many proponents about same-sex marriage make is that sexual orientation is biological, something that results either from genetics, from biological conditions in utero, or from some interaction among genetics, biology, and other factors. If we accept this to be the case (and I do), then it is important to acknowledge that there are clear genetic/biological elements to gender identity and gender orientation in addition to the physical shape of peoples bodies. Thus, while I am arguing here that gender is primarily socially and culturally constructed, I am not disregarding the fact that biology has no small part in identity. While I am discussing the issue of sexual orientation, I would like to note that one of the ways in which men and women are both like each other (and highly variable within each sex) is that of sexual orientation. Very few men and women are purely heterosexual or purely homosexual. Rather most women and most men fall somewhere between these two poles. In this way a woman who is wholly homosexual is more like a man who is wholly homosexual than she is like a woman who is wholly heterosexual. The graph below demonstrates the way in which sexual orientation plays out. Men and women can equally be graphed in each sector, and those in each sector are highly similar to each other, regardless of sex (Ross, 1983, p. 28). Likewise, those of the same sex can be very different from each other depending where they fall on this scale of sexual orientation. But while there is an important biological element to gender, the majority of what creates a sense of gender identity (that is, what makes us identify and understand what masculine and feminine are and provides us with the psychological and social tools that allow us to act the way society expects us to) come about through several key areas: Our families and home environments, religious institutions (in some cases), schools, mass media, and what we might call simply society or culture. From infancy, our culture teaches what it means to be a boy or a girl. From the colour of clothes to the toys we play with, the messages begin at a very early age. Young people are influenced by a barrage of messages to conform to a variety of expectations, to buy this widget, and to preserve a rigid set of values that stress the differences between genders (Learning Gender Stereotypes, n. d. ) Because I think that it has the most influence of all (simply because of the amount of time we spend at home and the fact that we are exposed primarily to our families when we are developmentally at our most receptive or vulnerable I will focus on the family of origin and the early home environment, including toys. Anyone who has spent some time with small children knows that there is a great deal of pressure on parents to give their children the right toys. This is (I believe) generally true more for boys than for girls. A relevant anecdote here. A few weeks ago I was in a Target store and heard a man talking to a woman I assume his wife who was carrying an infant. She had a package of pacifiers in her hand and the man was saying, You get him anything that isnt blue and I swear to God if he turns out to be a fag then Ill kill you. I wanted to kidnap the child. Many parents are adamant about dressing girls in pink (and handing them only dolls to play with) and boys in blue (and giving them only cars and guns). Parents who raise their children like this tend to make the argument that they are not forcing their children into gender roles, but rather that they are simply catering to the inherent gender self-identity of their children. This is perhaps most commonly seen in the way that parents dismiss the bad behavior of their sons with the phrase, Oh, boys will be boys. True but the kind of thing that a boy is is in large measure what his parents make him. Boys like girls are the creations of their cultures. We can see this dynamic in the study performed by Condry and Condry. (The study was performed in 1976, but I believe it remains valid today. It is certainly a powerful study. ) They asked a group of subjects to observe the behavior of a group of nine-month-old babies (who were dressed so that the observers could not determine the sex of the baby). After a few minutes, the babies were scared by a Jack-in-the-box leaping out at them. When observers were told that the infants were boys, the subjects described the infants as being angry. Then the next group of observers was brought in and asked to observe the same infants who were then scared (again! ) by the Jack-in-the-box. This time, told that the infants were girls, the research subjects described the infants as being fearful. Bland (1998) summarizes the cumulative effects of his kind of reinforcement from the outside world on the growing childs sense of self, including her or his sense of what her or his own gender should do. The suggestion is, that boys may react with anger, and girls with fear, because we expect them to. All through our lives we tend to behave to match the attributions people make from social stereotypes because, to behave untypically, sets us apart. We are unconsciously behaving how we are expected to.

Sociology of The Simpsons :: Sociology Essays

Sociology of the Simpsons The definition of what consitutes a â€Å"familyâ€Å" has definatly changed over time. Usually, what constitutes making up a family is relative to a specific culture, but as always, there are exceptions to the rule. Ever since the golden age of television had sprung upon American culture, it has tried to mimic the "ideal" American family through it's programming. Even as early as the 1950's, television producers made programming that would represent what exactly the ideal American family was. Take for example the show "Leave It to Beaver". There was a father figure, his job, or responsibility rather, was to financially support the family, while being an exemplary father to his children. The mother on the other hand, was solely responsible for being a typical housewife, while not neglecting the rearing of her children. The children did not have any real responsibility, but they respected their parents and attempted to stay out of trouble. Television shows for the most part in this early era of programming followed among these guidelines. However, it is not in a drama that American family life is best represented in the 1990's. Instead, it is in the animated series, "The Simpsons". "The Simpsons" follows suit with the other dramas that reflected the decade in which they aired. According to the U.S. consensus for March 1998, the majority of households in America are married couples (U.S. Consensus pp. 1, 3,4,6). The Simpson's meet this. Also according to the consensus, the average married couple has approximately 2.6 children per household (U.S. Consensus, Household Characteristics p.1). Since there cannot be six-tenths of a child, I will round up to three children, in which the Simpson family has: Bart, Lisa and Maggie. Also, the average American is a blue-collar worker. The father figure, Homer, meets this factor with his job at the nuclear power plant within his hometown of Springfield. So according to the statistics, the Simpson family could be considered an average American family. Homer Simpson is the father figure of the household, whose responsibilities include financially supporting the household, since he is the household's primary source of income. He has his flaws like any person would, but somehow he and his family tend to work it out. Some of his mishaps are very similar to those that most of us have had to face.

Contemporary to Social Work Essay

Taking into consideration all the material received regarding the Benjamin family, I have chosen to make use of the think child, think parent and think family approach in analysing the material. This method identifies what changes are required to improve service planning, delivery and practice and this will assist to improve the wellbeing and life chances of families affected by parental health. This essay will examine all the material provided focusing particularly on Daniel and Emma Watson. However, an examination of the Benjamin’s family will be performed in view of developing a modality on how to provide support to them. This essay is aimed at making preparation for assessment, taking into account individual needs, culture, diversity, and available resources that will enable me to provide support for everyone especially Daniel. Firstly, the essay will look at the Law that governs adoption processes, Daniels wishes and what needs to transpire to improve his quality of life. Secondly, I will also look at the Benjamin family and their proposal to adopt Daniel. In addition to this, I will examine Emma Watson and try to find out how I can facilitate her need to get her son back and what can be done to overcome barriers she may encounter, and finally I will offer a summary of the essay. In order for me to begin to think about the assessment process, my main duty would be to find out what the law declares. As put forward by Brammer (2003), Adoption Order may not be made unless the parent’s consents to the Adoption Order under Children Act 1989 S.20, or their consent should be dispensed and the child has been placed for adoption by an adoption agency with the prospective adopters in whose favour the order is proposed to be made. A parent is the mother or married father or father with parental responsibility, and not the unmarried father without parental responsibility. Steps are made to contact the unmarried father of a child and counsel him and seek hi s views on adoption even though he does not have to give his consent. The court or adoption agency must have regard to the following matters (the list is not intended to be exhaustive nor in any order of priority) Children Act 1989 S. 1(4) a) The child’s ascertainable wishes and feelings regarding the decision (considered in the light of the child’s age and understanding). The guidance to this Act reinforces this aspect of the checklist stating; â€Å"it is essential that an adoption agency, in so far as reasonably practicable , involves and consults the child at all stages of the adoption process, ascertaining and taking into account his views in a way which is sensitive to, and consistent with his age and understanding† (para.13). b) The child’s particular needs; This factor includes the child’s physical, emotional and educational need as expressed in the checklist and is likely to extend to other needs including social psychological and health. c) The likely effect on the child (throughout his life) of having cease d to be a member of the original family and to become an adopted person, in addition to this statement The United Nation Convention on the Rights if the Child states that it is the fundamental right of every child to belong to a family and Article. 8 of the ECHR the right to respect family life. As with the welfare principle, the court must consider the effects on the child throughout his life. d) The child’s age, sex, background and any of the Child’s characteristics which the court or agency considers relevant. e) Any harm (within the means of Children Act 1989) that the child has suffered or is at risk of suffering. This refers to any harm and not just significant harm The relationship which the child has with relative and with any other person in relation to whom the court or agency considers the relationship to be relevant, including (i) the likelihood of any such relationship continuing and the value to the child of doing so, (ii) the ability and willingness of any of the child’s relatives, or of any such person to provide the child with a secure environment in which the child can develop, and otherwise to meet the child’s needs, (iii) the wishes and feelings of any of the child’s relatives, or of any such person regarding the child. This factor is one of the provisions in the Act that calls on the courts to consider contact. (S.1 (8) (a) allows the views of other important people in the child’s life to be taken into account such as foster and it also includes the child’s birth parents. Moreover, the delay principle is drawn from the Children Act. Section 1 (3) the court or adoption agency must at all times bear in mind that, in general, any delay in coming to the decision is likely to prejudice the child’s welfare. The court draws up a timetable for the avoidance of delay. The Public Outline also has an impact on the overall timescale for a child between care proceedings and final placement. In addition to this Section 1(5) states that in placing the child for adoption the agency must give due consideration to the child’s religious persuasion, racial origin and cultural and linguistic background. The guidance in a circular â€Å"Adoption – Achieving the right balance† re cognised the importance of a child’s ethnic origin, culture and religion as significant factors to be accounted for; noting that placement with a family of similar ethnic origin is most likely to meet the child’s needs as fully as possible†. Adoptions takes a while to process and this allows the Multi-disciplinary agencies time to prepare the family and especially give Emma the support she requires if she is still interested in having Daniel back or not. Studies indicate that when the child is placed for adoption birth parents face bereavement as they face losing their child for good even if it is the child’s best interest. On-going contact help alleviate some of their anguish and bringing them benefits such as reassurance that the child is alright, making the loss of their child easier to accept, helping them to feel more positively about the adoptive parents and seeing a positive role for themselves in their child’s future. Coulshed and Orme (2006) define assessment as â€Å"an on-going process in which the service user participates, the purpose of which is to understand people in relation to their environment; it is the basis for planning what needs to be done to maintain, improve and bring about change †. The five stages of assessment process involve Preparation, data collection, examining the data, data analysis and acting on outcomes of the data analysis. Bell et al (2007) and White (2009) state that a good assessment ensures that the child remains at the heart of the assessment, contains full, brief, significant and precise data, makes good use of information from a range of sources, includes a family and social history and includes a clear analysis. Here I am now examining the data. In the correspondence, it appears that the Benjamin family want to adopt Daniel, whilst both Mr and Mrs Benjamin may be a little old to adopt Daniel; they might be an exception as Daniel is already in their care and he appears to fit in well with the family. One of the Benjamin’s roles in Daniels life is to help him maintain attachment with his mother. They must also help the child to develop healthy and strong new attachments with themselves and then transfer those attachments to the permanent caretakers of Daniel who may be either Emma or adoptive parents. Barbara has good support network in the family, which includes Naseem who has worked as a Social Work assistant and has had good background of meeting the needs of ethnic minority children. Barbara is already an expert in caring for Daniel in the documentation I received it appears she responds to his behaviour and deals with his need on a daily basis. However, I have to carry out an assessment on attachment to determine whether it is advisable that they have such strong bonds as suggested by document A1 received 09.01.12. When assessing attachment between Daniel and the Benjamin family, I would look at Daniel and his environment. I would observe his developmental functions and take note of the behaviour he displays in the home and how he responds to the family. As I observe, I need to look at the interactions with the adults and observe whether Daniel appears relaxed or not. Observing the Benjamin family includes how they react to the Daniels advances; the interactions that they ini tiate with him, disciplinary techniques used in the home and the family’s awareness of Daniel as a separate individual who has needs of his own and not relating all of his behaviour to their needs. Furthermore, I would observe whether Daniel engages in age appropriate activities and is able to express frustration or not. I would be interested in knowing whether Daniel responds appropriately to being apart from Barbra and how he responds upon her return. In addition to this, I would need to know if the environment provides adequate stimulation and safety measures appropriate to Daniel’s age and stage of development. If the case is that Daniel is not receiving support he will become disconcerted, insecure and without self-esteem. Fahlberg (1988), suggested that toddlers aged two should be able to use words like â€Å"me† and â€Å"mine†, point consistently to body parts, combine two to three words, name pictures of common object and follow simple direction. However, Daniel suffers from cytomegalovirus and because of this, his developing is slow and he will need extra care and time for caregivers to meet his needs. It is important that Emma is educated on what it is and what kind of responsibilities is attached to caring for Daniel for a lifetime. According to The National Health Service UK, Cytomegalovirus also known as CMV is part of the herpes virus. CMV is part of the human to human transmissible through close bodily contact. Coughs and sneezes are also possible routes of transmission. There is no current cure for CMV infection however medication can help people with weak immune system; in Daniels case, he was born with what could be medically termed as congenital CMV, children born with it show no signs or symptoms although some eventually develop hearing loss like Daniel. Some of the symptoms these children have are treatable but the children may develop hearing loss and one or more disabilities during the course of their lives. These symptoms may include seizures, problems with physical co-ordination, deafness cognitive difficulties and many more. Fahlberg (1988) propose that Caregivers who understand developmental issues are less likely to be as upset by normal behaviour and more likely to support the child as he struggles with the basic tasks at each stage. They are more readily able to perceive what a child needs to help him grow. Emma Watson made a phone call to Social Services recently. In the conversation, she stated that she wanted her son Daniel, back. Daniel has been in a foster placement with the Benjamin Family. The Benjamin’s would like to adopt him and it appears that Daniel has settled well with the family. According to Rutter, (1989) and Black, (2000), research shows that children end up doing badly when an attachment bonds are disturbed. They suggested that children are to be moved when it is inevitable, in situations such as, when parents die or when they are being placed away from an abusive home they continue and state that it is unjustifiable to move a child from a safe foster home. Bowbly (1951) advised that a child should receive the continuous care of a single most important attachment figure for approximately the first two years of his life. He claimed that mothering is almost useless if delayed until after two and a half to three years and if the attachment figure is broken, during the critical two year period the child will suffer irreversible long term consequences of this loss of the care giver as well as failure to develop an attachment. For Daniel this means that if his bond with the Benjamin’s is disrupted, he will almost fail to thrive in his new environment as he had already formed his attachment with the family. In relation to the phone call made by Emma, I would like to explore further and find out whether Emma has any knowledge on parenting and what she thinks a family entails, I would like to know what Emma knows about Daniels disability and needs. I would investigate on what she knows about Cytomegalovirus and if it results that she is unaware, I would help her expand her learning – build and share library resources, encourage her to be involved with parents groups to access support and community resources and if she wishes, I would look at finding her additional support such as an advocate. An advocate will help to increase resilience and self-efficacy. In addition to this, I would investigate on why she has come to the decision of wanting him back. I would be interested in knowing whether there is any communication between Emma and Daniels father, including people in Emma’s life. I would find out whether they are aware of Daniel and that, he is of the Asian race and I would explore on whether the people in Emma’s life would be able to appreciate Daniels uniqueness, and discretely examine on whether they are aware of his learning disability. I will also be interested in Emma’s living condition, environment, financial situation and lifestyle up to date, if these are not up to standard, attempt to help her have a secure base. Turney et al., (2007), states that an assessment needs careful consideration of the inter-relationship concerning the good and the bad influences in a child’s life i.e. the risk factors that are possible to impact on the child’s health and growth as well as the protective factors. Both Macdonald and Williamson (2002) and Preston-Shoot (2003), suggest that the Assessment Framework for Children in Need and their families demands that each child needs are assessed as well as the aptitude of the parents and the impac t of family and environmental influences on each child’s growth and on the parents capacity to meet the child’s needs. Bell et al., (2007) and Mitchell and Sloper, (2008) advises that assessments of disabled children may involve tailoring of the recording templates to reveal their individual strength, capability and needs and to capture their involvement to the assessment process through their preferred method of communication, this implies that a person is an expert in their own experience. Holland (2010) and Thomas and Holland (2010) put forward that the knowledge of child development is important for good assessment outcomes. Selwyn et al, (2006) and Ward et al., (2010) identified problems while carrying out an assessment on attachment, they claimed that clingy behaviour was misinterpreted as evidence of strong attachment moreover some assessments were based on observation of a few circumstances to be consistent. Jones (2009) and Reder et al., (2003) state that assessment of parents includes capacity to meet the child’s needs and the importance of understanding the basic requirements of par enting and taking into consideration the parent’s ability to change. Moreover Farmer et al., (2008) and Harwin et al., (2003), recommend that psychological assessments are valuable when assessing parenting capacity. It was also their suggestion that one way of testing parental capacity to change parenting behaviour and to give them managed opportunities to change. This is achieved by giving the parents clear objectives of what needs to change and informing them on how this will be assessed, monitored and the time scale required completing the task. Forrester and Harwin, (2008) and Harwin (2009), also propose that motivational interviewing techniques are useful in addressing readiness to change in situations of alcohol or drug misuse. This shifts the decision to change to Emma allowing her to discover her own strength and hidden motivation. According to Farmer et al., (2008) and Harwin and Forrester (2002) the role of fathers and men in the household needs to be examined and Social Workers need to ensure that information about fathers is available whenever possible, as fathers may exert a considerable influence even when they are to living with the child. In addition to this, Social Workers need to take account of the impact of factors related to family functioning and family history. Assessing family functioning provides a basis for a strength-based approach that’s accepts that all adults and children possess the power that can be comprehensive to improve the quality of their lives. Mental Capacity Act S. 1(3) states that, an adult does not lack capacity to make any specific decision unless all practicable steps have been taken to aid him or her to make the decision. Laird, (2010) advises that a vulnerable adult may require advocacy support or communication communicated in other form to be able to participate in decision-making. This relates to the GSCC Code 3.1 â€Å"promoting the independence of service-users and assisting them to understand and exercise their rights. Therefore, Assessment of parental capacity depends on communication. Improving the assessment requires different approach when collecting information; these approaches may include observation, assessing changes in parenting practises, use of validated tools and consideration of previous reports regarding the child and family. Assessment involves gathering of all sort of documented information and records from a range of sources this include medical history, social and developmental history. Consent is sort and confidentiality adhered too. To conduct my assessment successfully, as well as working with Daniel, Emma Watson and the Benjamin family I will be looking at liaising with a multi-disciplinary team, which would involve Social Services, general Doctor and the one who is trained in cytomegalovirus, Occupational therapist, Speech therapist and a mental health worker. These people will assist me to add data to my assessment and contribute to making informed decisions about Daniels future needs. In summary, I would give Emma a chance to prove that she can be a good parent. I will offer her support, information and guidance to what needs to take place, and set targets. I believe that she might not realise the impact of uprooting her son until she is made fully aware of Daniel’s disability needs. In my assessment, I have to prioritise Daniel’s best interest and now, it appears this lies with the Benjamin family who give the impression that they are a dedicated family. Prior to this, Daniel has thrived in t heir care. References 1. Brammer, A., (2010) Social Work Law, 3rd Ed, Harlow: Pearson Education. 2. Bell, M., Shaw. I., Sinclair. I., Sloper. P., and Rafferty, J., (2007) An Evaluation of the Practice, Process and Consequences of the ICS in Councils with Social Services Responsibilities. Report to Department for Education and Skills Welsh Assembly Government. 3. Coulshed, V & Orme, J., (2006) – Social Work Practice, 4th edition, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan 4. Department for Health (2005) The Mental Capacity Act. London HMSO 5. Farmer, E., Sturgess, W. and O’Neill, T., (2008) The reunification of Looked After Children With Their Parents: Patterns interventions and outcomes. Report to the Department for Children, Schools and Policy Studies, University of Bristol 6. Fahlberg, V., (1988) Fitting the pieces together. London: British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering. 7. Forrester, D. and Harwin, J., (2008) Parental substance misuse and child welfare: outcomes for children two years after refe rral. British Journal of Social Work, 38: 1518-1535 8. General Social Care Council (2002) Code of practice for social care workers and code of practice for employers. London: General Social Care Council 9. Harwin, J., Owen, M., Locke, R. and Forrester, D., (2003) Making Care Orders Work: A Study of Care Plans and their implementation. London: The Stationery Office. 10. Holland, S., (2010) Child and Family Assessment in Social Work Practice, 2nd Ed. London: Sage Publications. 11. http://www.legislation.gov.uk (assessed on 17.04.2012) 12. http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cytomegalovirus (assessed on 02.05.2012) 13. http://www.simplypsychology.org/bowlby.html (assessed on 17.04.2012) 14. Jones, DPH., (2009) Assessment of parenting. In Jan Horwath (ed.), The Child’s World: The comprehensive guide to assessing children in need. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 2nd Edition. 15. Llaird, S.D., (2010) Practical Social Work Law: Analysing Court Cases and Inquiries, Harlow: Pearson Education 16. Macdonald, G. and Williamson, E., (2002) Against the Odds: An Evaluation of Child and Family Support Services. London: National Children’s Bureau/ Joseph Rowntree Foundation. 17. Mitchell, W and Sloper, P., (2008) The Integrated Children’s System and disabled children. Child and Family Social Worker, 13 (3): 274-285 18. Preston- Shoot, M. (2003) A matter of re cords? Practice, 15(3): 31-50 19. Reder, P., Duncan, S. and Lucey, C., (2003) Studies in the Assessment of Parenting. London: Routledge. 20. Selwyn. J., Quinton, D., Sturgess, W and Baxter, C., (2006) Costs and Outcomes of Non- infant Adoptions. London: BAAF.